Veterinarian Dr Matt Playford demonstrating ram testicular palpation at a RAMping Up Repro workshop.
Ovine brucellosis, commonly referred to as ‘bruce-o’, is a bacterial disease that permanently infects the testes and epididymis of rams, rendering some infertile. There is no cure for brucellosis so prevention is critical – and there are steps you can take to dramatically reduce your risk.
Key recommendations
- Only purchase rams from vendors that are accredited free of brucellosis. Ask for a copy of your ram breeder’s certificate and a National Sheep Health Declaration.
- Maintain sound fences to prevent entry of stray rams or ewes that could spread the disease to your flock.
- Perform pre-joining ram checks three months prior to joining and have an accredited veterinarian inspect your flock if you find anything suspicious.
- Run your rams in small mobs with young rams and old rams separated, and avoid running rams with ewes during lambing periods.
- Cull all infected rams.
Ovine brucellosis, a reproductive disease caused by the Brucella ovis bacteria, affects all breeds of sheep and is found in all states of Australia. The disease causes considerable economic loss in many flocks by reducing lambing percentages (through a combination of reduced ram fertility and abortion), extending lambing seasons and increasing ram culling.
The bacteria localise and multiply in the reproductive organs. Affected rams develop hard, abscess-like swellings in the epididymis (the tube from the testes that holds sperm whilst it’s maturing). These lesions are most noticeable because they are so much harder than the rest of the epididymis and also because the swellings are irregular in size, often making one epididymis feel quite different in shape from the other. (Normally, there is no significant difference in shape between a pair of epididymii.)
In some rams, the blockage is permanent and the tail of the epididymis continues to swell. In other rams the blockage may break down, the swelling reduces, and the testes feel normal, while the ram may still be infected.
The disease is transmitted at joining when a clean ram serves a ewe that has recently been served by an infected ram in the same cycle, or between rams in the ram paddock.
Clinical signs are not common in ewes as they are fairly resistant to the disease, but they can be carriers of the infection and discharge the organism in the placenta, vaginal discharge and the milk. Ewes usually only carry the infection for one or two oestrus cycles. Infection causes inflammation of placenta, early embryonic death (usually without outward signs) or uncommonly the foetus may be aborted. Infection in ewes is self-limiting, so ewes usually breed normally in subsequent years.
Effect on flock fertility
- Reduced lamb marking percentages – when clinically affected rams are used, the lambing percentages may be reduced. If brucellosis continues in the flock, lambing percentages will progressively decline.
- Extended lambing period – when infected rams service ewes, the chance of conception is low and many ewes will return to service 17 days later. If rams are left with ewes, the number of pregnant ewes will increase, but this will result in an unusually long lambing period.
- High ram culling rate – if rams are culled when abnormalities are detected on palpation, then infected rams are culled one or two years after infection. If brucellosis is not eliminated, this high culling rate will continue.
Prevention
There is no preventative treatment available for brucellosis, and infected animals cannot be treated. Eradication of the disease is the only cure and requires identification of infected animals and culling of these animals accordingly.
Annual palpation as part of the Four Ts check (teeth, toes, tackle, testes) will assist with identification of suspect rams, and subsequent testing will determine if rams have brucellosis for future joinings.
One tell-tale sign of brucellosis is lower conception rates and this should be treated as a signpost for ruling out brucellosis for future joinings. These rates may not be exhibited as a complete failure, as not all rams may be infected. When the number of affected rams in a flock is greater than about 10%, the fertility of the flock is appreciably decreased.
Diagnosis and eradication
There are three methods of diagnosing ovine brucellosis:
- Palpation of the scrotum – examine ram in a standing or sitting (shearing) position. Use both hands and start above the testes, moving down to the base of the testes and the epididymal tails. Check for symmetry, free movement in the scrotum and the absence of lumps within the testes and epididymides. Testes should feel firm and springy.
- Blood tests – blood is tested to detect the presence of ovis antibodies, which indicates previous exposure to infection.
- Semen examination – examination of semen may reveal a reduced volume of semen, poor sperm motility and/or a high proportion of abnormal sperm. ovis may also be cultured from semen.
When ovine brucellosis is suspected or detected in a flock, the grower should discuss the management options with their veterinarian. Eradication can be achieved by a combination of manual examination, blood testing, and removal of infected rams as soon as they are detected. There is no effective vaccine so culling infected rams is the only option for eradication of brucellosis from a flock.
During an eradication program, it is important to prevent contact between infected and uninfected rams. Separate infected rams immediately from other tested-negative and young rams and sell infected rams direct to slaughter.
Once eradication is achieved, precautions must be taken to prevent infected rams re-entering the flock, whether as strays or introductions, and monitoring through pre-joining ram checks is vital to maintaining a brucellosis-free flock.
Purchasing replacement rams from brucellosis-free accredited producers reduces the risk of brucellosis entering your property. Other biosecurity measures, such as good boundary fences, quarantining new introductions and requesting a National Sheep Health Declaration from the vendor, help to maintain a clean, healthy flock.
